ICA-Proc Proceedings of the ICA ICA-Proc Proc. Int. Cartogr. Assoc. 2570-2092 Copernicus Publications Göttingen, Germany 10.5194/ica-proc-7-23-2025 Development of an adaptive TDCP and RTK/INS tightly coupled navigation system for autonomous vehicles Guo Shuai 1 Yang Hongzhou 1 Gao Yang 1 Department of Geomatic Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada 17 11 2025 7 23 Copyright: © 2025 Shuai Guo et al. 2025 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this licence, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This article is available from https://ica-proc.copernicus.org/articles/7/23/2025/ica-proc-7-23-2025.html The full text article is available as a PDF file from https://ica-proc.copernicus.org/articles/7/23/2025/ica-proc-7-23-2025.pdf

Autonomous vehicle technologies are useful for unmanned ground vehicles, mobile robotics, micro-air vehicles, and logistics which become one of the key research points in recent years. Real-Time Kinematic/Inertial Navigation System (RTK/INS) tightly coupled systems are widely used in navigation systems. They use complementary information of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and INS to provide continuous and robust positioning and navigation solutions in various application scenarios. In this paper, we extend time-differenced carrier phase (TDCP) in RTK/INS tightly coupled algorithm to achieve low-power consumption navigation system, which can aid autonomous vehicles getting high accuracy position. In conventional RTK/INS tightly coupled systems, the pseudorange, Doppler, and carrier phase of GNSS are used to integrate with INS complementarily, which has high power consumption. Because the sampling rate of Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) is usually around hundreds of hertz and the RTK/INS tightly coupled algorithm is complicated. Unlike conventional RTK/INS tightly coupled system, this system adaptively utilizes TDCP positioning module to work independently at lower sample rates and simple structure getting high-precision position in some good condition like open-sky. RTK/INS tightly coupled module will stop work at this time to save power consumption and computation. In addition, considering the positioning error of TDCP will drifting, this system will adaptively use RTK/INS tightly coupled module to correct the drifting error of TDCP periodically to help system maintain high-precision navigation continuously. Experimental results show the positioning error of TDCP remained within relatively acceptable bounds for general navigation scenarios despite the drift. The maximum errors over 30 minutes in east, north, and up direction are around 0.333 m, −0.446 m, and 3.598 m, respectively. Besides, RMS significantly decreases with calibration by RTK/INS tightly coupled system compared to cases without calibration, which demonstrates the effectiveness of periodic correction in mitigating cumulative drift for TDCP.